Kaushal, S.S., W.M. Lewis, Jr., and J.H. McCutchan, Jr. 2006. Land use change and nitrogen enrichment of a Rocky Mountain watershed. Ecological Applications 16: 299-312.
Tripler, C.E., S.S. Kaushal, G.E. Likens, and M.T. Walter. 2006. Patterns in potassium dynamics in forest ecosystems. Ecology Letters 9: 451-466 .
Pellerin, B., S.S. Kaushal, and W.H. McDowell. 2006. Does anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment increase organic nitrogen concentrations in runoff from forested and human-dominated watersheds? Ecosystems 9: 852-864.
Kaushal, S.S. and W.M. Lewis, Jr. 2005. Fate and transport of dissolved organic nitrogen in minimally disturbed streams. Biogeochemistry 74: 303-321.
Kaushal, S.S., P.M. Groffman, G.E. Likens, K.T. Belt, W.P. Stack, V.R. Kelly, K.C. Weathers, L.E. Band, and G.T. Fisher. 2005. Increased salinization of fresh water in the northeastern U.S. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102: 13517-13520.
Lajtha, K., S. Crow, Y. Yano, S.S. Kaushal, E. Sulzman, J.D.H. Spears and P. Sollins. 2005. Detrital controls on dissolved organic matter in soils: a field experiment. Biogeochemistry 76: 261-281.
McDowell, W.H., A. Magill, J.A. Aitkenhead-Peterson, J.D. Aber, J. Merriam, and S.S. Kaushal . 2004. Effects of chronic nitrogen amendment on dissolved organic matter and inorganic nitrogen in soil solution. Forest Ecology and Management 196: 29-41.
Kaushal, S.S. and W.M. Lewis, Jr. 2003. Patterns in the chemical fractionation of organic nitrogen in Rocky Mountain streams. Ecosystems 6: 483-492.
Wolfe, A.P., S.S. Kaushal, J.R. Fulton, and D.M. McKnight. 2002. Spectrofluorescence of sediment humic substances and historical changes of lacustrine organic matter provenance in response to atmospheric nutrient enrichment. Environmental Science and Technology 36: 3217-3223.
Kaushal, S.S. and J. Walsh. 2002. Comparison of nitrogen isotope ratios in feathers from seven species of Colorado breeding birds. Western North American Naturalist 62: 246-248.
Kaushal, S. and M.W. Binford. 1999. Relationship between C:N ratios of lake sediments, organic matter sources, and historical deforestation in Lake Pleasant, Massachusetts. Journal of Paleolimnology 22: 439-442.
Research Projects
Land use change, air pollution, and ecological effects of organic nutrients in aquatic systems - Nitrogen and phosphorus are elements necessary to the creation and persistence of life. Organic forms of N and P can comprise a substantial proportion of the total N and P in surface waters. Yet, the cycling of organic N and P has been poorly incorporated into existing paradigms due to the common assumption that they are not biologically available. Our work shows that biologically reactive forms of organic N and P are generated in great quantity across gradients of land use in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Although not typically quantified, these forms appear to be an important supply of nutrients to a diversity of aquatic ecosystems. �
Restoration of denitrification in coastal watersheds - Urbanization leads to predictable changes in the hydrologic and geomorphic properties of stream channels. One common alteration is the routing of water to deeper flow paths caused by channel incision and lowering of the water table. This results in transport of nitrate-rich groundwater (from pollution sources) that can circumvent active zones of denitrification. Our work investigates the effects of large-scale hydrologic manipulation on restoration of denitrification rates in a coastal watershed by direct measurement of N 2 , N 2 O, and NO gases in the field using 15 N tracer techniques.
Deviations in historical and contemporary nutrient limitation - It is commonly thought that N limits primary production in terrestrial ecosystems, and P limits primary production in freshwater ecosystems of North America. Most data supporting these concepts, however, has originated from environments already altered by pollution. The nature of nutrient limitation may change with human disturbance. Our work documents the ontogeny of P limitation in aquatic environments of the western Colorado Rockies in response to N enrichment from anthropogenic sources. Current work examines historical changes in the cycling and ecological significance of organic nitrogen in lakes response to increased availability of inorganic nitrogen from atmospheric deposition.
Increased salinization of fresh water due to suburban and urban growth - Chloride concentrations are increasing at a rate that threatens the availability of fresh water in the northeastern U.S. We observed chloride concentrations up to 25% the concentration of seawater in streams of Maryland, New York, and New Hampshire during winters, and chloride concentrations remaining up to 100 times greater than forest streams during summers. Our work shows that mean annual chloride concentration increases as a function of impervious surface and can exceed tolerance for freshwater life in suburban and urban watersheds. Widespread increases in roadways and deicer use are now salinizing fresh waters, degrading habitat for aquatic organisms, and impacting large supplies of drinking water for humans. We are investigating the effects of increasing salinity on ecosystem function in waters draining developing landscapes.
Tracing N sources and transformations along flow paths - Quantification of the transport of anthropogenic N from dispersed sources has relied primarily on mass-balance estimates. This approach, however, does not allow sources to be discriminated along flow paths. We have modified and tested a technique that uses 15 N isotope signatures in algae and aquatic food webs to identify and quantify N from domestic wastewater to streams in the Colorado Rockies. Annual estimates from N isotope ratios (corrected for natural background variations across seasons) were similar to mass balance estimates obtained from routine measurements of discharge and major N fractions in stream water. We are now using this technique to delineate N sources and transformations in streams at the Baltimore LTER site affected by differential land use and at the Hubbard Brook LTER site.
Climate change, urbanization, and export of carbon from eastern rivers - Fluvial export of carbon may be sensitive to increasing atmospheric CO 2 and changes in land use. There is a linear increase in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon in the Hudson River over the last 15 years and spatial increases in organic carbon across streams draining gradients of land use in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. We are in the process of quantifying and characterizing major fractions of carbon in streams and rivers of the eastern U.S. and investigating the relationship between dynamics of organic carbon and changing patterns in watershed development by humans. Particular emphasis is being placed on estimating the quantity of volatile organic carbon in surface waters and investigating its ecological significance to aquatic food webs.
